Given the most-penalized people in this situation are Asian first or second-generation immigrants, I don't follow your point. Also, although I agree that part

Given the most-penalized people in this situation are Asian first or second-generation immigrants, I don't follow your point. Also, although I agree that part of the variation between recent immigrants and historically-forced immigrants is explained by societal disenfranchisement, another part of the explanation is that more recent immigrants (i.e. from Nigeria) are culturally more aligned with education, since that's how they got to be immigrants in the first place.