The term you're looking for is Critical Thinking. There's a very good book about it from Oxford press[0]. My wife used it when going through her MSc at Oxford a

The term you're looking for is Critical Thinking. There's a very good book about it from Oxford press[0]. My wife used it when going through her MSc at Oxford and I've read it a couple of times to understand exactly what you're asking. [0]: Oxford Guide to Effective Argument and Critical Thinking https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199671729 https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199671729