"In Paris, a single planning organization, the RATP, dictates routes and spending for new infrastructure. Individual transit agencies operate trains and buses,

"In Paris, a single planning organization, the RATP, dictates routes and spending for new infrastructure. Individual transit agencies operate trains and buses, they do not plan or construct their own expansions." If only... The new metro lines (around Paris) have been a turf war between many agencies and levels of government. In everyday life, some suburban trains have to change drivers when they enter and exit Paris because the railways belong to a different organization...