> there aren't really effective ways to increase it besides affirmative action style policies I think it depends on how broadly you define "affirmative action

> there aren't really effective ways to increase it besides affirmative action style policies I think it depends on how broadly you define "affirmative action style policies", i.e. if you say that encompasses anything that helps one group more than others, then sure, but if your comment is more about quotas/preferential selection I think there are plenty of policies that exist. Assuming you do mean the latter, some examples I have seen implemented include: more flexible work environments, interview coaching for diverse candidates, outreach to diverse groups to ensure that they actually apply at the rates that they exist in the pipeline.