Polish per capita GDP that the county already lagged behind Western Europe in economic development at the end of the Middle Ages Polish living standards in the

Polish per capita GDP that the county already lagged behind Western Europe in economic development at the end of the Middle Ages Polish living standards in the sixteenth century were below those of Italy and The Netherlands but on par with those of England. The author demonstrated that the Polish series began to also lag behind the English values in the seventeenth century due to growth in the latter series. According to a study of GDP made by Wójtowicz and Wójtowicz (2009), people living in Poland enjoyed only around 70 % of the goods and services available to the inhabitants of Western Europe in the sixteenth century. This value declined to around 40 % in the late eighteenth century source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11698-016-0154-5 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11698-016-0154-5