If C++ and Java are your chosen models of "strongly statically typed" languages, it would only be fair to use PHP or Visual Basic as the contrasting language, i

If C++ and Java are your chosen models of "strongly statically typed" languages, it would only be fair to use PHP or Visual Basic as the contrasting language, in particular if a big chunk of your essay will discard the actual issues at hand and instead focus on unrelated topics like brevity. (all of the above are on my personal, subjective, "list of languages that are painful to work in.") That aside, "strong typing" and "strong testing" are absolutely not on some sort of axis where you have to choose one or the other, and it's absolutely ridiculous to pretend that it's some sort of trade-off. ... It re-occurs to me that this particular issue is flamebait of high pedigree and ancient origins, so that's all from me on this.