7 ms·

How a WWII Jet Fighter Was Designed in 150 days & shipped in six months

88 points by lionhearted 16y ago

raffi 16y ago
I haven't had a chance to do more than skim the article yet, but if you get a chance, read Skunk Works by Ben Rich. The book is about the shop Kelly Johnson (the subject of the article) ran that gave us all kinds of great flying toys. It's a neat story about a legendary engineer/leader.
- metamemetics 16y ago
  article summary: >Use a small number of good people
scrrr 16y ago
He apparently also created crappy planes that killed many people, for example the F-104. Perhaps more bureaucracy is good sometimes.
- jacquesm 16y ago
  Makes you wonder what the Spanish pilots did right that went wrong elsewhere. of course they didn't fly nearly as many F104s as the other airforces but still, a '0' where elsewhere the percentages of losses are some of the largest of all fighter jets ever recorded should at least make for an interesting investigation. Not that it matters anymore with the F104 being retired from service but there might be something to be learned from that.
jacquesm 16y ago
> Johnson deplores the trend toward specialization with the lament of a designer who also knows how to handle machine tools. “Some of the fellows in the Skunk Works never had any cutting oil splashed on them.” There are plenty of programmers that have never held a soldering iron either. I'm not even sure if that's 'good' or 'bad', it seems there are advantages to knowing what goes on under the hood but at the same time that knowledge comes in to play less and less every day.
- GBond 16y ago
  It is always good to learn the abstraction layer below when creating something. For designing physical objects that will one day be physical products, it makes a lot of sense to understand the manufacturing process and materials involved. To use your example of software... I've encountered one too many people who are billed as an Enterprise software "architects" who have never coded a single line production software in their life <cringe>. Needless to say, these projects almost always end up a disaster.
  - arethuza 16y ago
    I think you misunderstand the purpose of that kind of architect - their job is to wear a suit, give good PowerPoint and disappear in a puff of UML when it comes to actually building software.
    - GBond 16y ago
      I am aware that it is common practice for a guy with a title architect be the "smoke and mirrors" guy during the sales phase. I am referring to so called architects who have the role of leading a group of programmer during the building of software. Unfortunately many times their understanding of software does not go beyond the Visio and Powerpoints but it is falsely assumed they can still lead due to pointy-hair-boss soft skills. What ends up happening is crapware due to a lack of understanding of fundamental software design and process.
      - gaius 16y ago
        Unfortunately he's also the guy that tells the customer "yes we'll do it in Blub!".
- Hexstream 16y ago
  "There are plenty of programmers that have never held a soldering iron either." But those might not be designing hardware either...
nickpinkston 16y ago
Modern MechE's seemingly can't build anything either - at least where I went to school. The SAE formula guys are the only ones it seemed. I'm not sure what I think about engineers who can only CAD up a part but couldn't make it.
- redrobot5050 16y ago
  I don't understand this logic. Yes, in a start-up, having multiple skillsets and job overlap comes in handy. In the corporate world, however, that MechE will likely never do anything but CAD up parts. They will have a machinist on staff to make his creations. Just like how corporate programmers don't need to build their own computers or run the company's IT. A better analogy might be a story of a friend of mine from graduate school, Chuck. He, and another grad student we'll call Mike, got their first year of graduate funding through a professor with very little grant money. It was very important that Mike had machine shop skills and could build some of their research equipment for the lab. Mike made a name for himself -- he wasn't a very good machinist compared to the guys on staff -- but he was building the needed equipment, even if it was very time consuming. Using this humble lab, Chuck and Mike worked hard for their professor and eventually got lots of funding. It got to the point where the funding was so much, that time was more a concern. Chuck could then overnight parts from electronics catalogs and conduct research faster/better than Mike, who despite having this funding, continued the frugal habit of machining all his own parts. Mike eventually got disciplined (for not moving fast enough in his research) and frustrated (he fixated on the fact that his skills helped them get the funding in the first place). TL;DR: When Time becomes greater than money, I'd rather have the CAD guy CAD it up, and the machinist make it.
  - gaius 16y ago
    Because without the ability to machine it, you have far less of an insight into how hard it will be to do so, or how long it will take, or how much wastage there will be. That can have an orders-of-magnitude effect on the cost. In your story, Chuck is ordering parts sure, but the guy who designed those parts was a specialist in designing parts... In my first year of Mech Eng they sent us all off to a machine shop to learn to weld, use a lathe, etc, I couldn't give an example to you now, but it really does make a difference, you start to think as well as "how will this work" but also "how will this be made", "how can this be repaired", "how will someone get at this part to replace it", etc etc.
chwolfe 16y ago
I highly recommend Ben Rich's autobiography to anyone interested in the engineering and business practices behind Skunk Works: http://www.amazon.com/Skunk-Works-Personal-Memoir-Lockheed/dp/0316743003/ref=sr_1_1?s=gateway&ie=UTF8&qid=1285073583&sr=8-1 http://www.amazon.com/Skunk-Works-Personal-Memoir-Lockheed/d...
- SkyMarshal 16y ago
  Second that, one of my favorites. The guys who built the SR71 were the ultimate hackers.
  - cdibona 16y ago
    I'll third that, its downright inspirational.
balding_n_tired 16y ago
As I recall the P-80 never saw combat, at least in WW II. I remember it chiefly for killing Richard Bong, the USAAF leading ace.
- philwelch 16y ago
  As the F-80 it saw action in Korea. But the only jet that saw action in WWII was the Me 262. Edit: Also apparently the Gloster Meteor (thanks arethuza!)
  - arethuza 16y ago
    The Gloster Meteor saw action with the RAF, shooting down a decent number of V1s: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor
thomasfl 16y ago
"Johnson crammed a small number of capable people into close proximity, so that “engineering shall always be within a stone’s throw of the airplane.”" This is agile and extreme-programming at it's best.
MicahNance 16y ago
180 days to design the P-80. They built 28 planes a day. Compare that to: http://www.f22fighter.com/timeline.htm http://www.f22fighter.com/timeline.htm I can't even tell how many years the design of the F-22 has taken, but that timeline lists 13 planes delivered in 2003. 13 per year versus 28 a day. Now, obviously modern planes are much more complex than they were in 1943, and they should take longer to design and build. But how much longer? How much is the bureacracy actually hurting?
- jrwoodruff 16y ago
  From what I've read, there was a huge amount of politics involved in the F-22. Plus, we're not in WWII, so there's less demand on pumping out high volumes of good-enough planes and more focus on building something that really pushes the limits of technology, which the F-22 does.
  - redrobot5050 16y ago
    Yeah. I remember reading that the F-22 or the JSF has contracts in 48 states. They really spread around the contracts to ensure smooth sailing in Congress. Everyone got a piece of the action (jobs to bring home) so to speak. The problem is, it's also insanely easy to disrupt manufacturing that distributed. If it ever came to a war where bombs/rockets/cruise missiles were hitting our soil, it would be nearly impossible to ramp up production of this jet, much less protect the facilities involved in designing/making it.
    - notahacker 16y ago
      If it came to war then speed of production of fighter aircraft would have a pretty minimal impact on the US ability to achieve air superiority. The days when Britain survived WWII by manufacturing >14000 Hurricanes are long gone
      - redrobot5050 16y ago
        You're right, but it depends on the length of the conflict. Each Apache Helicopter is built by hand. They have individual names. We only produce 60 of them a year. I don't know the loss rate we've encountered in Iraq and Afganistan (I know its much lower than the Blackhawks) but even if you're losing 61/year for a long enough timeline....
JoeAltmaier 16y ago
Limited meetings to 15 people or less? How is that agile? In comparison with bloated corporations I guess.
- chunkbot 16y ago
  They're designing and building fighter jets, not deciding what color to make a website.
  - JoeAltmaier 16y ago
    Doesn't matter what they're designing. Meetings of 15 people waste at least 10 peoples' time. People don't change just because the problem gets harder; they can't collaborate in large groups as well as small ones. And 15 is not small.
    - lionhearted 16y ago
      Good comment and I agree with you, except maybe in this case they would have 2 pilots, 2 mechanics, 2 people from the war department, 2 people from the treasury, the core engineering team, and a secretary - when you need approvals, it might be easier to have a meeting also be a presentation where people put their stamp on the document immediately afterwards instead of running the meeting two or three different times.
    - deleted 16y ago
      [deleted]
fnazeeri 16y ago
The biggest difference between now and then…what makes this impossible today is not that our engineers are less capable, is not that we are more bureaucratic and is not that we’re less motivated. The difference is that back then, we were indifferent to failure that cost lives. And not just in development/testing. Once planes were deployed, if a plane didn’t come back from a mission it was “lost in action” independent if the wing just broke off in flight over some stretch of water. Read this excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star#Design_and_development>Wikipedia</a> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star#Des...: <blockquote>The P-80 testing program proved very dangerous. Burcham was killed on 20 October 1944 while flying the third YP-80A produced, 44-83025. The “Gray Ghost” was lost on a test flight on 20 March 1945, although pilot Tony LeVier escaped. Newly promoted to chief engineering test pilot to replace Burcham, LeVier bailed out when one of the engine’s turbine blades broke, causing structural failure in the airplane’s tail. LeVier landed hard and broke his back, but returned to the test program after six months of recovery. Noted ace Major Richard Bong was also killed on an acceptance flight of a production P-80 in the United States on 6 August 1945. Both Burcham and Bong crashed as a result of main fuel pump failure. Burcham’s death was the result of a failure to brief him on a newly installed emergency fuel pump backup system, but the investigation of Bong’s crash found he had apparently forgotten to switch on the emergency fuel pump that could have prevented the accident. He bailed out when the aircraft rolled inverted but was too close to the ground for his parachute to deploy.</blockquote> So this “no bureaucracy” craze makes no sense for modern aviation design but makes a lot of sense where lives are not at risk (as is the case with a lot of software development, but not all). That’s my $0.02.
- Rawsock 16y ago
  Don't forget the F-104 Starfighter, also designed by Johnson. Pilots nicknamed it "Lawn Dart" and "Widowmaker" for a reason.
- zeemonkee 16y ago
  The introductory chapter to the Right Stuff (Tom Wolfe) describes this well. The sheer cost of lives among test pilots in the 40s and 50s is shocking by today's standards, but this was a generation that went through Normandy and Bataan. That said, that doesn't explain why the aircraft of WW2 and the early Cold War took just a few years to go from drawing board to combat, in the days before advanced computer modelling, yet it took 20 years to build the Eurofighter. I suspect the lack of accountability of military contractors coupled with government collusion (jobs programs over national security) has more than a bit to do with it.
WalterBright 16y ago
A good book on how airplanes are designed and produced is The Jet Makers http://generalatomic.com/jetmakers/index.html http://generalatomic.com/jetmakers/index.html Yes, my father is the author.

88 points by lionhearted 16y ago

raffi 16y ago

I haven't had a chance to do more than skim the article yet, but if you get a chance, read Skunk Works by Ben Rich. The book is about the shop Kelly Johnson (the subject of the article) ran that gave us all kinds of great flying toys. It's a neat story about a legendary engineer/leader.

metamemetics 16y ago
article summary: >Use a small number of good people

scrrr 16y ago

He apparently also created crappy planes that killed many people, for example the F-104. Perhaps more bureaucracy is good sometimes.

jacquesm 16y ago
Makes you wonder what the Spanish pilots did right that went wrong elsewhere. of course they didn't fly nearly as many F104s as the other airforces but still, a '0' where elsewhere the percentages of losses are some of the largest of all fighter jets ever recorded should at least make for an interesting investigation. Not that it matters anymore with the F104 being retired from service but there might be something to be learned from that.

jacquesm 16y ago

> Johnson deplores the trend toward specialization with the lament of a designer who also knows how to handle machine tools. “Some of the fellows in the Skunk Works never had any cutting oil splashed on them.” There are plenty of programmers that have never held a soldering iron either. I'm not even sure if that's 'good' or 'bad', it seems there are advantages to knowing what goes on under the hood but at the same time that knowledge comes in to play less and less every day.

GBond 16y ago
It is always good to learn the abstraction layer below when creating something. For designing physical objects that will one day be physical products, it makes a lot of sense to understand the manufacturing process and materials involved. To use your example of software... I've encountered one too many people who are billed as an Enterprise software "architects" who have never coded a single line production software in their life <cringe>. Needless to say, these projects almost always end up a disaster.
- arethuza 16y ago
  I think you misunderstand the purpose of that kind of architect - their job is to wear a suit, give good PowerPoint and disappear in a puff of UML when it comes to actually building software.
  - GBond 16y ago
    I am aware that it is common practice for a guy with a title architect be the "smoke and mirrors" guy during the sales phase. I am referring to so called architects who have the role of leading a group of programmer during the building of software. Unfortunately many times their understanding of software does not go beyond the Visio and Powerpoints but it is falsely assumed they can still lead due to pointy-hair-boss soft skills. What ends up happening is crapware due to a lack of understanding of fundamental software design and process.
    - gaius 16y ago
      Unfortunately he's also the guy that tells the customer "yes we'll do it in Blub!".
Hexstream 16y ago
"There are plenty of programmers that have never held a soldering iron either." But those might not be designing hardware either...

nickpinkston 16y ago

Modern MechE's seemingly can't build anything either - at least where I went to school. The SAE formula guys are the only ones it seemed. I'm not sure what I think about engineers who can only CAD up a part but couldn't make it.

redrobot5050 16y ago
I don't understand this logic. Yes, in a start-up, having multiple skillsets and job overlap comes in handy. In the corporate world, however, that MechE will likely never do anything but CAD up parts. They will have a machinist on staff to make his creations. Just like how corporate programmers don't need to build their own computers or run the company's IT. A better analogy might be a story of a friend of mine from graduate school, Chuck. He, and another grad student we'll call Mike, got their first year of graduate funding through a professor with very little grant money. It was very important that Mike had machine shop skills and could build some of their research equipment for the lab. Mike made a name for himself -- he wasn't a very good machinist compared to the guys on staff -- but he was building the needed equipment, even if it was very time consuming. Using this humble lab, Chuck and Mike worked hard for their professor and eventually got lots of funding. It got to the point where the funding was so much, that time was more a concern. Chuck could then overnight parts from electronics catalogs and conduct research faster/better than Mike, who despite having this funding, continued the frugal habit of machining all his own parts. Mike eventually got disciplined (for not moving fast enough in his research) and frustrated (he fixated on the fact that his skills helped them get the funding in the first place). TL;DR: When Time becomes greater than money, I'd rather have the CAD guy CAD it up, and the machinist make it.
- gaius 16y ago
  Because without the ability to machine it, you have far less of an insight into how hard it will be to do so, or how long it will take, or how much wastage there will be. That can have an orders-of-magnitude effect on the cost. In your story, Chuck is ordering parts sure, but the guy who designed those parts was a specialist in designing parts... In my first year of Mech Eng they sent us all off to a machine shop to learn to weld, use a lathe, etc, I couldn't give an example to you now, but it really does make a difference, you start to think as well as "how will this work" but also "how will this be made", "how can this be repaired", "how will someone get at this part to replace it", etc etc.

chwolfe 16y ago

I highly recommend Ben Rich's autobiography to anyone interested in the engineering and business practices behind Skunk Works: http://www.amazon.com/Skunk-Works-Personal-Memoir-Lockheed/dp/0316743003/ref=sr_1_1?s=gateway&ie=UTF8&qid=1285073583&sr=8-1 http://www.amazon.com/Skunk-Works-Personal-Memoir-Lockheed/d...

SkyMarshal 16y ago
Second that, one of my favorites. The guys who built the SR71 were the ultimate hackers.
- cdibona 16y ago
  I'll third that, its downright inspirational.

balding_n_tired 16y ago

As I recall the P-80 never saw combat, at least in WW II. I remember it chiefly for killing Richard Bong, the USAAF leading ace.

philwelch 16y ago
As the F-80 it saw action in Korea. But the only jet that saw action in WWII was the Me 262. Edit: Also apparently the Gloster Meteor (thanks arethuza!)
- arethuza 16y ago
  The Gloster Meteor saw action with the RAF, shooting down a decent number of V1s: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster_Meteor

thomasfl 16y ago

"Johnson crammed a small number of capable people into close proximity, so that “engineering shall always be within a stone’s throw of the airplane.”" This is agile and extreme-programming at it's best.

MicahNance 16y ago

180 days to design the P-80. They built 28 planes a day. Compare that to: http://www.f22fighter.com/timeline.htm http://www.f22fighter.com/timeline.htm I can't even tell how many years the design of the F-22 has taken, but that timeline lists 13 planes delivered in 2003. 13 per year versus 28 a day. Now, obviously modern planes are much more complex than they were in 1943, and they should take longer to design and build. But how much longer? How much is the bureacracy actually hurting?

jrwoodruff 16y ago
From what I've read, there was a huge amount of politics involved in the F-22. Plus, we're not in WWII, so there's less demand on pumping out high volumes of good-enough planes and more focus on building something that really pushes the limits of technology, which the F-22 does.
- redrobot5050 16y ago
  Yeah. I remember reading that the F-22 or the JSF has contracts in 48 states. They really spread around the contracts to ensure smooth sailing in Congress. Everyone got a piece of the action (jobs to bring home) so to speak. The problem is, it's also insanely easy to disrupt manufacturing that distributed. If it ever came to a war where bombs/rockets/cruise missiles were hitting our soil, it would be nearly impossible to ramp up production of this jet, much less protect the facilities involved in designing/making it.
  - notahacker 16y ago
    If it came to war then speed of production of fighter aircraft would have a pretty minimal impact on the US ability to achieve air superiority. The days when Britain survived WWII by manufacturing >14000 Hurricanes are long gone
    - redrobot5050 16y ago
      You're right, but it depends on the length of the conflict. Each Apache Helicopter is built by hand. They have individual names. We only produce 60 of them a year. I don't know the loss rate we've encountered in Iraq and Afganistan (I know its much lower than the Blackhawks) but even if you're losing 61/year for a long enough timeline....

JoeAltmaier 16y ago

Limited meetings to 15 people or less? How is that agile? In comparison with bloated corporations I guess.

chunkbot 16y ago
They're designing and building fighter jets, not deciding what color to make a website.
- JoeAltmaier 16y ago
  Doesn't matter what they're designing. Meetings of 15 people waste at least 10 peoples' time. People don't change just because the problem gets harder; they can't collaborate in large groups as well as small ones. And 15 is not small.
  - lionhearted 16y ago
    Good comment and I agree with you, except maybe in this case they would have 2 pilots, 2 mechanics, 2 people from the war department, 2 people from the treasury, the core engineering team, and a secretary - when you need approvals, it might be easier to have a meeting also be a presentation where people put their stamp on the document immediately afterwards instead of running the meeting two or three different times.
  - deleted 16y ago
    [deleted]

fnazeeri 16y ago

The biggest difference between now and then…what makes this impossible today is not that our engineers are less capable, is not that we are more bureaucratic and is not that we’re less motivated. The difference is that back then, we were indifferent to failure that cost lives. And not just in development/testing. Once planes were deployed, if a plane didn’t come back from a mission it was “lost in action” independent if the wing just broke off in flight over some stretch of water. Read this excerpt from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star#Design_and_development>Wikipedia</a> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-80_Shooting_Star#Des...: <blockquote>The P-80 testing program proved very dangerous. Burcham was killed on 20 October 1944 while flying the third YP-80A produced, 44-83025. The “Gray Ghost” was lost on a test flight on 20 March 1945, although pilot Tony LeVier escaped. Newly promoted to chief engineering test pilot to replace Burcham, LeVier bailed out when one of the engine’s turbine blades broke, causing structural failure in the airplane’s tail. LeVier landed hard and broke his back, but returned to the test program after six months of recovery. Noted ace Major Richard Bong was also killed on an acceptance flight of a production P-80 in the United States on 6 August 1945. Both Burcham and Bong crashed as a result of main fuel pump failure. Burcham’s death was the result of a failure to brief him on a newly installed emergency fuel pump backup system, but the investigation of Bong’s crash found he had apparently forgotten to switch on the emergency fuel pump that could have prevented the accident. He bailed out when the aircraft rolled inverted but was too close to the ground for his parachute to deploy.</blockquote> So this “no bureaucracy” craze makes no sense for modern aviation design but makes a lot of sense where lives are not at risk (as is the case with a lot of software development, but not all). That’s my $0.02.

Rawsock 16y ago
Don't forget the F-104 Starfighter, also designed by Johnson. Pilots nicknamed it "Lawn Dart" and "Widowmaker" for a reason.
zeemonkee 16y ago
The introductory chapter to the Right Stuff (Tom Wolfe) describes this well. The sheer cost of lives among test pilots in the 40s and 50s is shocking by today's standards, but this was a generation that went through Normandy and Bataan. That said, that doesn't explain why the aircraft of WW2 and the early Cold War took just a few years to go from drawing board to combat, in the days before advanced computer modelling, yet it took 20 years to build the Eurofighter. I suspect the lack of accountability of military contractors coupled with government collusion (jobs programs over national security) has more than a bit to do with it.

WalterBright 16y ago

A good book on how airplanes are designed and produced is The Jet Makers http://generalatomic.com/jetmakers/index.html http://generalatomic.com/jetmakers/index.html Yes, my father is the author.