If you have a full dd image of the disk, you can just do losetup -Pf /path/to/your/image.img and that will pick a loopback device and perform the partprobe on i

If you have a full dd image of the disk, you can just do losetup -Pf /path/to/your/image.img and that will pick a loopback device and perform the partprobe on it automatically.