Austria is regularly criticized for doing this through such measures and others (pushing people into early retirement as well). Here is a thing in English that

Austria is regularly criticized for doing this through such measures and others (pushing people into early retirement as well). Here is a thing in English that seems to come for free if you give them bogus personal data: https://www.agenda-austria.at/en/publication/austria-the-land-of-hidden-unemployment/ https://www.agenda-austria.at/en/publication/austria-the-lan... A longer German blurb about this study is here: https://www.agenda-austria.at/oesterreich-das-land-der-versteckten-arbeitslosigkeit/ https://www.agenda-austria.at/oesterreich-das-land-der-verst... They claim 250,000 hidden unemployed for 220,000 "official" unemployed for Q1 2013, i.e., the official figures would be off by a factor of more than 2. But they don't say how many of those hidden unemployed are in training courses. Maybe the full study does say, I can't be bothered.