It's remarkable that an article that in-depth managed to not make a single mention of the word "union", when unions played the central role in driving up costs.

It's remarkable that an article that in-depth managed to not make a single mention of the word "union", when unions played the central role in driving up costs. I think that points to the meta problem hamstringing development of subways, and so many other things: the hold unions have over not just politics, but culture, and especially academic culture.