Is this monopolistic/cartel-like in nature, or is purely due to the costs of capital expenditures for research and development? Also, https://en.m.wikipedia.org

Is this monopolistic/cartel-like in nature, or is purely due to the costs of capital expenditures for research and development? Also, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_cycle https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_cycle.