I'm not sure what you consider as "no useful output"? Is it the offering your services for a fee instead of ads or guaranteeing the privacy of your users' data?

I'm not sure what you consider as "no useful output"? Is it the offering your services for a fee instead of ads or guaranteeing the privacy of your users' data? Because to me, both are quite useful outputs. The first one is quite common practice, and for the second one there are other industries (e.g. financial, medical) from where we can see how this is actually already done in legislation and practice. (I would think that majority of Google's and Facebook's technical challenges are because they want to utilize the customer data.)