Another good set of studies to compare against are those showing leaching of lead from crystal decanters with hard liquor. Where the amount of lead leached may

Another good set of studies to compare against are those showing leaching of lead from crystal decanters with hard liquor. Where the amount of lead leached may be gargantuan initially, the level leached out shrinks over time until it reaches a certain low threshold, which at least one study showed was possibly due to a kind of protecting coating developing over the crystal. If the author found that water shots had a high concentration of lead, it could be that this level would taper off over time, or even that some other contaminant was at play. It could also be the lab gave back inaccurate results. And even with high concentrations of lead, it's possible that interactions with the content of the espresso could reduce the effect on the consumer. A study of actual concentrations of levels of lead in the blood of the espresso drinker should be evaluated.