Or even CPUs & GPUs also power-gate chunks of their internal features. A CPU's power draw at a given voltage & frequency is not fixed. It depends on the actual

Or even CPUs & GPUs also power-gate chunks of their internal features. A CPU's power draw at a given voltage & frequency is not fixed. It depends on the actual instructions being executed. Taken to the extreme you end up with things like Intel's AVX512. So how do you calculate the app's CPU power draw? If they are using highly optimized SIMD power draw is going to be much higher than that of a CPU that's constantly stalled out waiting on dependent memory loads (aka, typical Java code)