7 ms·

Google Engineers Think This 72-Qubit Processor Can Achieve Quantum Supremacy

91 points by buu700 9y ago

woliveirajr 9y ago
If there's something that I began to scratch and easily loose myself is imagining how do you program something using qubits, how the language looks like, or even an algorithm. In few seconds I come back to the 0-or-1 kind of thinking and can't advance.
- 52-6F-62 9y ago
  See, for example: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?view=qsharp-preview https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?vi... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit Going further... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic edit: The Microsoft Q# tutorial seems friendly enough to wade into without much knowledge in the field (especially if you know C# or F#). But if you're like me you'll have about 5 tabs of reading material open beside ;)
  - ianai 9y ago
    I’m missing the piece between the dwave and programming in ternary. Ie the dwave acts as a neural network - you “program it” through finding novel applications of its architecture to problems. (Its hardware being a specific form of neural network, a Hopfield network.) Ternary programming seems to be an attempt to implement general processing on top of a neural network, ignoring the relationships between the qbits.
    - 52-6F-62 9y ago
      I am in no way in my element with quantum computing. I'm trying to dip my toes in as an amateur. I still often get a little turned around in the [what appear to be] subtle differences between Qubit operations and ternary operations. At a naive level, they appear to be the same—three possible states: 1, 0, indeterminate. This however isn't quite true. I hope somebody who's better educated can weigh in, but it seems that a Qubit is actually flat to the user in that the user can only ever see one of two visible states at the point of observation, where with ternary operations the user can actually see one of three differing states. I'm not yet familiar with the DWave platform, but it certainly appears as if that would be a good thing to know in the coming years...
      - ianai 9y ago
        From my understanding, they define a state of the Hopfield nodes akin to some external model’s state at some point. Then the neural net “anneals” to its naturally lowest energy state. That state is then read as output of the computer. This is my very naive understanding, of course.
        52-6F-62 9y ago
        Okay, I had to do a bit of reading to even start to understand what you were talking about/referring to, but it sounds like you're on the right track—though I didn't get to any point in my reading where they specified the network type explicitly. Also: It sounds like the 2000Q is designed to offer API capability, but it doesn't sound like anybody runs one: https://www.dwavesys.com/software https://www.dwavesys.com/software But for now IBM and Rigetti do: http://www.davidykay.com/Cloud-Quantum-Computing-Heats-Up-as-Rigetti-Launches-API/ http://www.davidykay.com/Cloud-Quantum-Computing-Heats-Up-as... D-wave does have software available for developing on a normal machine that can also run on their systems, but I'm finding Q# a more familiar interface for an introduction. https://github.com/dwavesystems/qbsolv https://github.com/dwavesystems/qbsolv
    - PeterisP 9y ago
      There's no missing piece between the dwave and arbitrary quantum computing, dwave doesn't do that, it does a particular task (quantum annealing), to which some (but not all!) quantum algorithms can be mapped. If you want to implement arbitrary quantum algorithms, you need a proper quantum processor (like the one described in the article), not something involving dwave; it's apples and oranges; they're both fruit but not the same and not really comparable.
      - ianai 9y ago
        My gut reaction is to dismiss the dwave for that. But, it’s still a neat piece of hardware - a quantum scale hardware neural network modeled on a simplification of brain neurons. It’s just sort of a naming collision.
- gdubs 9y ago
  Don’t feel bad — in a recent WSJ magazine interview with Bill Gates he said, (paraphrasing), “I keep up with most of the new tech at Microsoft, but if there’s one area where the math looks like Greek to me, it’s Quantum Computing.”
  - vtomole 9y ago
    The basics of quantum computing are not difficult if you know linear algebra. The state of a qubit is described using a column vector that holds complex numbers. Gate operations are performed by multiplication on the states with unitary matrices. A good introduction: http://pyquil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html http://pyquil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html
    - dudus 9y ago
      That's the greek right there
  - deleted 9y ago
    [deleted]
- taeric 9y ago
  If it helps, try imagining what programming superscalar computers is like. :) That is, when it is ready, you really won't, for most things. Instead, you will leverage massive amount of work others have done so that your much simpler programs will work.
  - ianai 9y ago
    Bah, if I had my way, I’d like to be one of those first contributors the rest gets built upon.
    - taeric 9y ago
      Fair. My point there is not to worry, then, about how to solve large problems. Quite literally worry only about the smaller building blocks. To get an idea of the useful building blocks for traditional computers, look at the circuitry that goes into manipulating numbers. Far from trivial, once you get to a certain size. And it is likely you will need the same operations even in quantum. Not just addition, mind. Rotation/shifting and other manipulations of data. I'm sure there are some new primitives, as well.
- alexeldeib 9y ago
  I've read a few different versions explaining the basics. I found this a useful intro, and it links to some good lecture notes as well (note that part 2 is at the bottom linked): http://davidbkemp.github.io/QuantumComputingArticle/ http://davidbkemp.github.io/QuantumComputingArticle/
- swampangel 9y ago
  There's an in-browser quantum computer simulator called Quirk https://hackaday.com/2018/01/24/quantum-weirdness-in-your-browser/ https://hackaday.com/2018/01/24/quantum-weirdness-in-your-br... and the author's blog explores related problems http://algassert.com/ http://algassert.com/
viggity 9y ago
so at what point does a quantum computer's ability to factor large number threaten RSA (since RSA relies on prime factorization being extremely cpu intensive)?
- VikingCoder 9y ago
  Well, at a guess, you need at least as many qubits as there are bits in your key?
  - ianai 9y ago
    For at least one quantum computer you would need a way to encode the number in the qbit states as well as the algorithm, I think. It seems like something that may require a specially engineered quantum computer.
    - vtomole 9y ago
      That is not how Shor's algorithm works. To factor a number N, Shor's algorithm uses a classical computer to pick a random number a where a < N. A quantum computer is used to find the period of f(x) = a^x mod N. This Wikipedia entry [0] provides a good overview. [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm#Classical_part https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm#Classical_p...
williamstein 9y ago
> "Qubits will endow quantum computers with the ability to do certain tasks—such as querying a database, factoring large prime numbers..." Why do people make that mistake so often?
- AndrewGaspar 9y ago
  I'm not a mathematician, so excuse my ignorance, but is it wrong to call it factoring? The definition of a prime number is a number whose only factors are 1 and itself, so you're still factoring the number to see if it fits the definition.
  - beisner 9y ago
    The real threat of quantum computers is not the testing of prime numbers, but the factoring of semiprime numbers (numbers that have two distinct prime factors). The difficulty of taking a semiprime number and extracting it’s prime factors is considered an extremely hard problem, and this assumption of difficulty underpins nearly all of our modern cryptographic systems. If it were trivial to factor a large semiprime, one could intercept/hack all credit card transactions. This is the quintessential problem that quantum supremacy raises, and the most publicized; OP was remarking that the journalists likely meant to talk about this threat, but somewhat sloppily wrote prime instead of semiprime.
    - ianai 9y ago
      The lay audience might ignore semi-prime and just interpret it as prime. Or the author did that.
    - deleted 9y ago
      [deleted]
    - AndrewGaspar 9y ago
      Oh, I see! Thank you for the explanation!
  - aiCeivi9 9y ago
mikro2nd 9y ago
I'll believe it when I see Satoshi's Bticoins draining off to a new wallet...
- Zaak 9y ago
  That would be fun to watch, but to be overly pedantic about it, it will take a computer with hundreds of qubits to break current public key encryption.
  - tchow 9y ago
    How many hundreds? We are apparently at 72 qubits...sounds to me we are a year or two away from what you're saying
    - obmelvin 9y ago
      As your sibling comment pointed out, we still have a long way to go before we are able to make large amounts of stable and thus truly usable qubits.
  - vtomole 9y ago
    It will take hundreds of fault tolerant qubits. That means it will take potentially millions of physical qubits of relatively high quality. There is a long road ahead from 72 relatively medium quality to millions of relatively high quality qubits.
    - ByThyGrace 9y ago
      As a layman, I've never heard of qubit quality. What is it exactly? How do you determine it? And why does it affect computation?
      - vtomole 9y ago
        Qubit quality is defined by the quantum volume [0]. Errors that occur when gates are applied to qubits need to be below a certain threshold to perform error correction. [0]: https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/resources/quantum-volume.pdf https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/resources/quantum-volume....
AlexCoventry 9y ago
Is there a paper out about this yet? The blog post was weird: "Here's this chip we've made, but we don't know anything about its performance characteristics, yet." Made me skeptical about this being any kind of breakthrough.
- vtomole 9y ago
  >Made me skeptical about this being any kind of breakthrough. As you should. Google is planning on sharing the results of this processor soon: https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristle...

91 points by buu700 9y ago

If there's something that I began to scratch and easily loose myself is imagining how do you program something using qubits, how the language looks like, or even an algorithm. In few seconds I come back to the 0-or-1 kind of thinking and can't advance.

52-6F-62 9y ago
See, for example: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?view=qsharp-preview https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro?vi... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit Going further... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic edit: The Microsoft Q# tutorial seems friendly enough to wade into without much knowledge in the field (especially if you know C# or F#). But if you're like me you'll have about 5 tabs of reading material open beside ;)
- ianai 9y ago
  I’m missing the piece between the dwave and programming in ternary. Ie the dwave acts as a neural network - you “program it” through finding novel applications of its architecture to problems. (Its hardware being a specific form of neural network, a Hopfield network.) Ternary programming seems to be an attempt to implement general processing on top of a neural network, ignoring the relationships between the qbits.
  - 52-6F-62 9y ago
    I am in no way in my element with quantum computing. I'm trying to dip my toes in as an amateur. I still often get a little turned around in the [what appear to be] subtle differences between Qubit operations and ternary operations. At a naive level, they appear to be the same—three possible states: 1, 0, indeterminate. This however isn't quite true. I hope somebody who's better educated can weigh in, but it seems that a Qubit is actually flat to the user in that the user can only ever see one of two visible states at the point of observation, where with ternary operations the user can actually see one of three differing states. I'm not yet familiar with the DWave platform, but it certainly appears as if that would be a good thing to know in the coming years...
    - ianai 9y ago
      From my understanding, they define a state of the Hopfield nodes akin to some external model’s state at some point. Then the neural net “anneals” to its naturally lowest energy state. That state is then read as output of the computer. This is my very naive understanding, of course.
      - 52-6F-62 9y ago
        Okay, I had to do a bit of reading to even start to understand what you were talking about/referring to, but it sounds like you're on the right track—though I didn't get to any point in my reading where they specified the network type explicitly. Also: It sounds like the 2000Q is designed to offer API capability, but it doesn't sound like anybody runs one: https://www.dwavesys.com/software https://www.dwavesys.com/software But for now IBM and Rigetti do: http://www.davidykay.com/Cloud-Quantum-Computing-Heats-Up-as-Rigetti-Launches-API/ http://www.davidykay.com/Cloud-Quantum-Computing-Heats-Up-as... D-wave does have software available for developing on a normal machine that can also run on their systems, but I'm finding Q# a more familiar interface for an introduction. https://github.com/dwavesystems/qbsolv https://github.com/dwavesystems/qbsolv
  - PeterisP 9y ago
    There's no missing piece between the dwave and arbitrary quantum computing, dwave doesn't do that, it does a particular task (quantum annealing), to which some (but not all!) quantum algorithms can be mapped. If you want to implement arbitrary quantum algorithms, you need a proper quantum processor (like the one described in the article), not something involving dwave; it's apples and oranges; they're both fruit but not the same and not really comparable.
    - ianai 9y ago
      My gut reaction is to dismiss the dwave for that. But, it’s still a neat piece of hardware - a quantum scale hardware neural network modeled on a simplification of brain neurons. It’s just sort of a naming collision.
gdubs 9y ago
Don’t feel bad — in a recent WSJ magazine interview with Bill Gates he said, (paraphrasing), “I keep up with most of the new tech at Microsoft, but if there’s one area where the math looks like Greek to me, it’s Quantum Computing.”
- vtomole 9y ago
  The basics of quantum computing are not difficult if you know linear algebra. The state of a qubit is described using a column vector that holds complex numbers. Gate operations are performed by multiplication on the states with unitary matrices. A good introduction: http://pyquil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html http://pyquil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html
  - dudus 9y ago
    That's the greek right there
- deleted 9y ago
  [deleted]
taeric 9y ago
If it helps, try imagining what programming superscalar computers is like. :) That is, when it is ready, you really won't, for most things. Instead, you will leverage massive amount of work others have done so that your much simpler programs will work.
- ianai 9y ago
  Bah, if I had my way, I’d like to be one of those first contributors the rest gets built upon.
  - taeric 9y ago
    Fair. My point there is not to worry, then, about how to solve large problems. Quite literally worry only about the smaller building blocks. To get an idea of the useful building blocks for traditional computers, look at the circuitry that goes into manipulating numbers. Far from trivial, once you get to a certain size. And it is likely you will need the same operations even in quantum. Not just addition, mind. Rotation/shifting and other manipulations of data. I'm sure there are some new primitives, as well.
alexeldeib 9y ago
I've read a few different versions explaining the basics. I found this a useful intro, and it links to some good lecture notes as well (note that part 2 is at the bottom linked): http://davidbkemp.github.io/QuantumComputingArticle/ http://davidbkemp.github.io/QuantumComputingArticle/
swampangel 9y ago
There's an in-browser quantum computer simulator called Quirk https://hackaday.com/2018/01/24/quantum-weirdness-in-your-browser/ https://hackaday.com/2018/01/24/quantum-weirdness-in-your-br... and the author's blog explores related problems http://algassert.com/ http://algassert.com/

viggity 9y ago

so at what point does a quantum computer's ability to factor large number threaten RSA (since RSA relies on prime factorization being extremely cpu intensive)?

VikingCoder 9y ago
Well, at a guess, you need at least as many qubits as there are bits in your key?
- ianai 9y ago
  For at least one quantum computer you would need a way to encode the number in the qbit states as well as the algorithm, I think. It seems like something that may require a specially engineered quantum computer.
  - vtomole 9y ago
    That is not how Shor's algorithm works. To factor a number N, Shor's algorithm uses a classical computer to pick a random number a where a < N. A quantum computer is used to find the period of f(x) = a^x mod N. This Wikipedia entry [0] provides a good overview. [0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm#Classical_part https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm#Classical_p...

williamstein 9y ago

> "Qubits will endow quantum computers with the ability to do certain tasks—such as querying a database, factoring large prime numbers..." Why do people make that mistake so often?

AndrewGaspar 9y ago
I'm not a mathematician, so excuse my ignorance, but is it wrong to call it factoring? The definition of a prime number is a number whose only factors are 1 and itself, so you're still factoring the number to see if it fits the definition.
- beisner 9y ago
  The real threat of quantum computers is not the testing of prime numbers, but the factoring of semiprime numbers (numbers that have two distinct prime factors). The difficulty of taking a semiprime number and extracting it’s prime factors is considered an extremely hard problem, and this assumption of difficulty underpins nearly all of our modern cryptographic systems. If it were trivial to factor a large semiprime, one could intercept/hack all credit card transactions. This is the quintessential problem that quantum supremacy raises, and the most publicized; OP was remarking that the journalists likely meant to talk about this threat, but somewhat sloppily wrote prime instead of semiprime.
  - ianai 9y ago
    The lay audience might ignore semi-prime and just interpret it as prime. Or the author did that.
  - deleted 9y ago
    [deleted]
  - AndrewGaspar 9y ago
    Oh, I see! Thank you for the explanation!
- aiCeivi9 9y ago

mikro2nd 9y ago

I'll believe it when I see Satoshi's Bticoins draining off to a new wallet...

Zaak 9y ago
That would be fun to watch, but to be overly pedantic about it, it will take a computer with hundreds of qubits to break current public key encryption.
- tchow 9y ago
  How many hundreds? We are apparently at 72 qubits...sounds to me we are a year or two away from what you're saying
  - obmelvin 9y ago
    As your sibling comment pointed out, we still have a long way to go before we are able to make large amounts of stable and thus truly usable qubits.
- vtomole 9y ago
  It will take hundreds of fault tolerant qubits. That means it will take potentially millions of physical qubits of relatively high quality. There is a long road ahead from 72 relatively medium quality to millions of relatively high quality qubits.
  - ByThyGrace 9y ago
    As a layman, I've never heard of qubit quality. What is it exactly? How do you determine it? And why does it affect computation?
    - vtomole 9y ago
      Qubit quality is defined by the quantum volume [0]. Errors that occur when gates are applied to qubits need to be below a certain threshold to perform error correction. [0]: https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/resources/quantum-volume.pdf https://www.research.ibm.com/ibm-q/resources/quantum-volume....

AlexCoventry 9y ago

Is there a paper out about this yet? The blog post was weird: "Here's this chip we've made, but we don't know anything about its performance characteristics, yet." Made me skeptical about this being any kind of breakthrough.

vtomole 9y ago
>Made me skeptical about this being any kind of breakthrough. As you should. Google is planning on sharing the results of this processor soon: https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html https://research.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristle...