> necessary for you to speak in probabilities and not certainties? You're replying to a person who is specifically referencing group stats and not in a determi

> necessary for you to speak in probabilities and not certainties? You're replying to a person who is specifically referencing group stats and not in a deterministic way. Here's one extreme statement: - There is no such thing as race, in that E(X | race) = E(X) for all X that we care about Here's another extreme statement: - Race biologically determines your fate, e.g. E(X | race + C) = E(X | race) for any 'other information' C Both statements as wrong. As usual, the truth is somewhere in between. Even if you don't think that 'race' is the most salient metric, it doesn't help that our culture sometimes seems to willfully conflate culture, religion, ethnicity, and race in the most uncharitable possible way. Eg. if you say something bad about Islam itself as a religion, one often finds themselves accused of implicit racism—and this is accusation is determined by seeing that one group of people of a certain 'race' seems to follow that religion more, so if you criticize a religion, you must be intending to attack that group of people.