No causal links? No robber barons mean no railway expansion and no massive expansion of jobs west, so no immigration boom. Robber barons are also responsible f

No causal links? No robber barons mean no railway expansion and no massive expansion of jobs west, so no immigration boom. Robber barons are also responsible for financial regulation, futures markets which allowed for much greater predictability and sustained farming output, increased ties to Europe and specifically the UK over Germany, the massive increases in production brought by low oil prices and standardization of performance, arguably unions and labor reforms and a standard wage.