In general this is true, but I would guess it's least true in hospitals? They have a lot of throughput and are generally over-burdened, so 'driving away' patie

In general this is true, but I would guess it's least true in hospitals? They have a lot of throughput and are generally over-burdened, so 'driving away' patients isn't much of a risk. Beyond that, a lot of their patients are there because it's the nearest hospital and aren't actually choosing where to go. At least anecdotally, my impression is that PCPs and clinics worry about satisfying patient demands (e.g. antibiotics for colds) to maintain revenue, while hospitals mostly worry about how to get more patients who can pay and fewer who can't.