I can not second these findings for European cities I regularly drive in myself: Berlin, Milan, Paris, London and Rome. I don't know about Apple but Google at

I can not second these findings for European cities I regularly drive in myself: Berlin, Milan, Paris, London and Rome. I don't know about Apple but Google at least always tries to route using functional class (FC) 1 & 2 roads. Waze uses whatever. For European cities this makes a huge difference; particularly during rush hours. Waze also routes me around traffic lights using FC >2 roads. I've never seen Google do that. On a side note: Every Uber I took in 2016, 2017 & 2018 in the aforementioned cities, plus Belgrade and Warshaw, was using Waze.