> In theory any of these countries could surely just issue an arrest warrant for the head of GCHQ and order their extradition. The rules are different for stat

> In theory any of these countries could surely just issue an arrest warrant for the head of GCHQ and order their extradition. The rules are different for states. Arresting a foreign security official for the actions they carried out in their official capacity is an inherently political/diplomatic decision, and not a normal criminal one. There are some carve-outs for war crimes, but there's a reason those were so difficult to push through even for countries that haven't committed war crimes lately and aren't even liable to get into any wars any time soon - the whole concept goes against a lot of the assumptions of state sovereignty.