Peter van Roy puts XML and S-expressions in the "descriptive declarative programming" paradigm, with data structures only (no Turing equivalence): https://www.

Peter van Roy puts XML and S-expressions in the "descriptive declarative programming" paradigm, with data structures only (no Turing equivalence): https://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr/paradigmsDIAGRAMeng108.jpg https://www.info.ucl.ac.be/~pvr/paradigmsDIAGRAMeng108.jpg