There are also a lot of non-university research positions. The US has a large number of national laboratories where researchers work full time (mostly in the ph

There are also a lot of non-university research positions. The US has a large number of national laboratories where researchers work full time (mostly in the physical and mathematical sciences), plus government agencies like the NIH, FDA, and CDC where the focus in on biology/medicine. And other nations have other non-university jobs like Germany's Max Planck institutes for practically every type of science.