No, no, no. > whatever penalty Keras might impose is equal in the two cases. The penalty Keras imposes when using Tensorflow depends on its Tensorflow impleme

No, no, no. > whatever penalty Keras might impose is equal in the two cases. The penalty Keras imposes when using Tensorflow depends on its Tensorflow implementation. The penalty Keras imposes when using MXNet depends on its MXNet implementation. The penalty Keras imposes when using PlaidML depends on whatever the PlaidML devs implemented. When you build a Keras layer, it's calling different Keras code for each backend. The comparison would be fair if Plaid claimed to be the fastest Keras backed, not if it were actually claiming to be faster than Tensorflow.