Difficult to say with certainty; it's not like the DPRK is going to put out a press release that they've been hacked, if they were hacked. All in all a pretty

Difficult to say with certainty; it's not like the DPRK is going to put out a press release that they've been hacked, if they were hacked. All in all a pretty good response on Obama's part; it didn't demand immediate visible action but preserved freedom of maneuver; later, if a US cyberattack had come to light, it would have been a sort of chit that could have been redeemed by way of justification.