#4 is straight out of Sun Tzu's Art of War EDIT: Specifically, from XI: The Nine Situations 23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no

#4 is straight out of Sun Tzu's Art of War EDIT: Specifically, from XI: The Nine Situations 23. Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will prefer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.