There is a very large problem with comparing these sorts of issues between pre-Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment cultures. Prior to the Englightenment, all

There is a very large problem with comparing these sorts of issues between pre-Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment cultures. Prior to the Englightenment, all knowledge was religious knowledge. Astronomy was the study of how God arrayed the heavens. Geology was the study of the firmament and how God created it. Physics was the motion God gave to every object. Agriculture was when God wanted you to plant your crops. Biology was how Gods morality was reflected in the living things in nature. There was no difference between religious ideas and ideas about reality - there was no separation whatever. The Enlightenment was significant because it gave us a wedge. It allowed us to say 'religion is about the spiritual, about the ephemeral and ineffable, and science is about material reality'. That is a difference larger than modern people can easily understand. If your religious beliefs are beliefs about your everyday life and the visceral world you live in, you see things very differently. You can't simply live next door to someone with a different set of beliefs from your own. That person is an agent of evil, a soldier fighting in the cosmic and Earthly war between Good and Evil which will either see an eternity of peace and paradise (here, on this planet, not somewhere else) or an eternity of suffering depending upon who wins the war. While Kolmogorov might have been able to build a bubble, those before the Enlightenment could not. It was impossible to defer judgement to some never-to-come 'afterlife'. It was impossible to extend to others a tolerance for their differing views. It was impossible for considering different ideas about how reality worked to not have a moral and religious consequence. The Enlightenment was so profoundly and deeply successful that those who grew up in societies where it took root can't even conceive of how different it would be to believe that everything which occurs in the world is the direct and immediate expression of the will of a god which suffuses all things and which the material world is but a slim skin over.