That's quite a list of languages. Here's my opinion on a few that I know: My impression of C++ is that is evolves fairly quickly, but also includes everything,

That's quite a list of languages. Here's my opinion on a few that I know: My impression of C++ is that is evolves fairly quickly, but also includes everything, the kitchen sink and the highway, making for an expansive and complex language. Scala gets some of the same flak. Java evolves glacially, and outside of very rare large improvements (e.g. lambda's in 8) it's still the same (verbose) language and will remain for a long time. PHP evolves fairly quikly, but the API's aren't consistent leading to a bit of the "flavor of the week" feeling for new additions. I don't know how this has been since PHP 7+ Javascript is evolving at a rapid pace, but despite that they seem to move toward a clear goal with nice functional API's and constructs being added to the language.