"With large transfers, the most packets will have the maximum length" There is no universal "maximum length" among the links in a route. Some link will have a

"With large transfers, the most packets will have the maximum length" There is no universal "maximum length" among the links in a route. Some link will have a smaller maximum forcing the previous link to fragment nearly every packet; instant 2x (or more) packet overhead. "Large" transfers exacerbate this as nearly every packet is max size when it leaves the origin host.