For some people it is easier to understand a concept, especialy an abstract one, if they are given a few examples. For those people: A monoid is a set and an b

For some people it is easier to understand a concept, especialy an abstract one, if they are given a few examples. For those people: A monoid is a set and an binary operation on the elements of that set with the following properties: 1.The operation acts on two elements of the set to produce another elemenent of that set(closure). Examples: You have a set od natural numbers {0,1,2,3..} with standard addition. Whichever two natural numbers you choose to add you will get a natural number back. A set of MxN matrices and matrix addition. If A and B are two MxN matrices A+B is a MxN matrix. 2.The order in which the operations are performed does not matter(associativity). So for all elements of our set a,b and c and the operation +: a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c must be valid. Examples: Let L be a set of strings and + concatenation. "Just"+(" an "+ "example")=("Just"+" an ")+"example" Vector addition over vectors of same dimension. 3.There is an element(unique!) in the set which when applied to any element of the set returns that element(identity, neutral element). e+a=a+e=a e is identity Examples: 0 is identity for standard addition: 0+1=1, 4+0=4 1 is identity for standard multplication: 1*7=7 ""(empty string) is identity for string concatenation