The issue also, why it take 40 minutes longer to take a subway than to ride in? That is not just the market, it's also often to do with zoning, separating resid

The issue also, why it take 40 minutes longer to take a subway than to ride in? That is not just the market, it's also often to do with zoning, separating residential and commercial, restricting height, and also things like requiring that all apartments have parking spaces. Similarly, policies prioritizing roads and parking in the city spread out the centre of the city, making it less pleasant to live in the centre rather than the suburb, and impractical for getting around on foot, or by public transport. A market might just as well be responding to government incentives, as much as driving the thing itself.