>Both. Assuming that you can actually exclude instances of class Cat in case 1 and of Animal in case 2, that is. Good point. I was actually thinking in terms o

>Both. Assuming that you can actually exclude instances of class Cat in case 1 and of Animal in case 2, that is. Good point. I was actually thinking in terms of Python OOP, and in that, you cannot exclude those instances (at least not without some extra code).