That was my point. I don't see how using "side-channels" or "off chain" systems are materially different from using the Visa or the Kroner system, and then when

That was my point. I don't see how using "side-channels" or "off chain" systems are materially different from using the Visa or the Kroner system, and then when you want a public settlement layer that is open and well-defined converting some funds from those systems to a crypto system. What's the difference? Can't off chain systems be seen as simply analogous to transacting in deposited funds with paypal where your paypal password is the signature? Maybe these systems send something out to a public blockchain, but you're still trusting them to honor withdrawals of your deposited funds in the same way you would with paypal, correct? What is the actual use in practice of side channels and off chain systems these days?