> R&D spending of Vertically integrated companies v. Utilities? For Energy related R&D See: GE, Siemens, BP, Shell, Exxonmobile, not the local gas station. >>

> R&D spending of Vertically integrated companies v. Utilities? For Energy related R&D See: GE, Siemens, BP, Shell, Exxonmobile, not the local gas station. >> Grid-scale battery banks, that's something you would think was perfected back in the fifties or so. When you can scale energy production on demand with knobs and levers, why? Here and now: When do renewables create an excess of energy so great that the baseload power sources can't be scaled back to balance it and greater after that to warrant the infrastructure and efficiency penalty of batteries?