I kind of agree with you (I think), but I'd present (or think) about it differently to avoid terminological squabbling. More specifically: I'm skeptical of the

I kind of agree with you (I think), but I'd present (or think) about it differently to avoid terminological squabbling. More specifically: I'm skeptical of the distinction that your referenced article attempts to introduce between generalizations and abstractions: that distinction feels after the fact, trying to retconn into existence some classification that just isn't that clearcut. Regardless of what's correct terminology here, emphasizing the distinction simply leads to semantic quibbling, not better programming practices. The criticism that "abstractions always leak" might apply equally to generalizations - or encapsulations. Whatever you're going to call it; the idea at some level is that you're never entirely free of implementation details. To be clear: I agree the words may well have different connotations and even different meanings, but that does not imply that they are mutually exclusive: what's an abstraction from one angle may well be an encapsulation viewed from another, and a generalization in some other context. And perhaps some aspects of a given construct aren't relevant when you consider it to be an abstraction rather than a generalization; but I'm not sure it matters here. Instead, I think it should be emphasized the there are two different ways of looking at the statement that "all abstractions leak": - You can consider that any abstraction in an executing program is merely a way of thinking about something that's ultimately a real physical process; and that that physical process may well have relevant behavior that escapes the confines of your abstraction. For example, the abstraction that your mergesort is O(N log N) is in some sense leaky because more memory needs longer wires means slower access so it's false - in some sense. - You can consider clearly self-consistent and completely rigorous mathematical concepts that might be used as abstractions as a kind of counterexample. Clearly, there are thus abstractions that do not leak. Mergesort is O(N log N) - not in physical time, but in # of operations. We sort of "define" the problem not to exist. Frankly: I don't think the "physical process" view (while certainly valid!) holds much value beyond that of a cautionary tale. Rather than give up and say "it's impossible" the lesson should be that it's valuable to choose your goalposts. So, for instance: if you define a correct program that adds N numbers to be one that returns (say) the true sum in at most N milliseconds, you're going to run into trouble: you may not be able to guarantee you won't be swapped out; you may run into trouble if your numbers are absurdly large; and you can't rule out that asteroid impact that's about to destroy the computer. But you can carefully choose those goalposts such that if the program completes, and if (condition XYZ) then it returns the numerical sum. Does that distinction seem pointless? I don't think so; because as it turns out in the real, physical process world this allows us to separate responsibilities. It's fairly easy to ensure a physical environment that will high likelihood (albeit not fully 100%) satisfy the requirements you pose. And by separating responsibilities like that, it becomes easier to avoid needlessly leaky abstractions, and those abound too. In short: you may not be able to make an abstractions that's reliably perfect, but you should be able to make abstractions that given certain preconditions are perfect. And that matters because it's easy to compose perfect abstractions, and it's not even hard to keep most of the complexity in the perfect and leak-free world. In short: "all abstractions leak" is thoughtcrime that can all too easily hide lazily constructed, poorly chosen abstractions that don't compose well :-). I prefer to think that it's inevitable that some abstractions leak, but if you're clever (and perhaps a little lucky) you can contain the leakiness such that other abstractions are leak-free. And if you want, call those latter abstractions: generalizations. But programming can choose to be almost all about those generalizations, not the leaky abstractions.