In the context of the recent Google affair, this paragraph struck me in particular: Unconscious Bias against Women? There are serious ethical issues in accusin

In the context of the recent Google affair, this paragraph struck me in particular: Unconscious Bias against Women? There are serious ethical issues in accusing people of unconscious bias, which, on the one hand, assumes guilt unless innocence is proved, and, on the other hand, denies the possibility of such proof.195 A frequently cited paper that purportedly establishes biases against women in the awarding of graduate fellowships by the Swedish Research Council employs illegitimate statistical procedures and fails to establish what it claims (see appendix).196 Moreover, a study of fellowship awards in 1998 by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) found no evidence of systematic bias against women.197