Both Netto with and without a dog in the logo (competing chains with the same name) now accept credit cards, same with other discount markets such as Aldi, Lidl

Both Netto with and without a dog in the logo (competing chains with the same name) now accept credit cards, same with other discount markets such as Aldi, Lidl, and Kaufland. Major exceptions in the food sector are most Penny and many Edeka stores (a lot of the latter I would categorize as "upscale"). You are right about independent stores and restaurants. Unless you know for sure all places you plan to go to take cards you should carry enough cash.