In the US, everyone of these options is used in various ways. You have to take into account though that some of this is done by the individual states, some is F

In the US, everyone of these options is used in various ways. You have to take into account though that some of this is done by the individual states, some is Federal, and some is local or even public/private partnerships. There is no single countrywide solution that can solve something like highway maintenance on a country the size of the US.