Again, you're missing the point of the command pattern. It is not replaceable by a first class function. I'm well aware of what first class functions are, wha

Again, you're missing the point of the command pattern. It is not replaceable by a first class function. I'm well aware of what first class functions are, what they can and can't do, and yes in the most trivial cases at run-time only where only a single action is required of the command, they can be used instead of a command pattern. Many times commands come with multiple actions, to allow execution and rollback, require being able to be serialized to disk to database and replayed later, or are used to better organize and plug in extension commands to large code bases. None of these cases are amenable to first class functions. The command pattern isn't just a hack around not having first class functions, we still use command even when first class functions are available. You aren't going to extend Photoshop with a new filter using a first class function; you're going to write a plugin which is a command pattern for filter execution. Stop trying to tell me what first class functions can do, I'm fully aware, I use them every day and have for nearly 20 years. You aren't talking to some kid who never heard of functional programming.