If there was a jailbreak available, yes. But there hasn't been a publicly available untethered jailbreak since March of 2016, and there has never been an unteth

If there was a jailbreak available, yes. But there hasn't been a publicly available untethered jailbreak since March of 2016, and there has never been an untethered jailbreak of iOS 10. The only jailbreak for iOS 10 was semi-teathered and only made public after Apple had patched the vulnerabilities. In order for this to work as malware the user would have to open the malicious app every time their phone restarts. Not only that, every time the they open the app their phone would appear to be out of storage and then promptly crash to the boot screen. It would be a bit of a hard sell.