I know what you mean about not knowing where to start! I think “all of this” is roughly what theoretical computer scientists call “Theory B”, or at least a larg

I know what you mean about not knowing where to start! I think “all of this” is roughly what theoretical computer scientists call “Theory B”, or at least a large chunk of it, and where to start depends on which specific things you find most interesting. Benjamin Pierce’s _Types and Programming Languages_ is a relatively accessible introduction with an emphasis on types, but of course it’s just an overview of a pretty large research area.