If you read Hayek, Mises ("Human Action", very hard to follow) or later Rothbart ("Man, Economy, State"; easier to read), they all derived the same conclusions

If you read Hayek, Mises ("Human Action", very hard to follow) or later Rothbart ("Man, Economy, State"; easier to read), they all derived the same conclusions entirely based on philosophy rather than the "neoclassical economists" who use mathematical models. And all this was researched and known before math creeped so deeply into economics.