Some of those things exist but each industry is very different. They have their own "traditions". In some jobs there are unions or professional certification b

Some of those things exist but each industry is very different. They have their own "traditions". In some jobs there are unions or professional certification bodies involved. Those tend to be for the first one or two jobs. For example a graduate accountant might do some test exercise for a graduate position. After a few years everywhere else they go it's going to be based on their certifications and previous experience. They get the job, if they're quite bad they get fired. Otherwise they stick around until the next one. Software is one of the few if not the only industries where you can have 10 years of experience but still get treated with stupid whiteboard questions or tests. Give an accountant with 10 years of experience a "test" and he'll hit you with a stick.