I'll comment more on racism in the south, but in my opinion the best formulation of the problem is: "there are systemic, bad cultural norms". If you look at it

I'll comment more on racism in the south, but in my opinion the best formulation of the problem is: "there are systemic, bad cultural norms". If you look at it this way, then punishing every incidence is critical if you want to change attitude towards them (albeit in a contextually-adjusted severe manner, of course). But for people just "following how things are done", the disincentive is chance_of_being_caught * punishment_for_being_caught. If only the second term in that equation changes as a result of the current push, then I feel like it just creates more inequality and doesn't change the underlying problem as much. So yes, punishment for all to some degree that's more than a wrist slap.