It can also be an external mismanagement problem. If funds are only allocated to the subway to pay upkeep and the state never funds improvements, you can easily

It can also be an external mismanagement problem. If funds are only allocated to the subway to pay upkeep and the state never funds improvements, you can easily end up with huge maintenance costs to keep dilapidated ancient systems in place that could have been upgraded a decade ago and have been saving money most of this time.