So, that second link was so crazy to me that I started looking things up, and it seems like there is evidence in all directions: Physics is biased against wome

So, that second link was so crazy to me that I started looking things up, and it seems like there is evidence in all directions: Physics is biased against women: https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201604/grading.cfm https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201604/grading.cfm Elementary school teachers are biased against boys who do not socialize well: http://ideas.time.com/2013/02/06/do-teachers-really-discriminate-against-boys/ http://ideas.time.com/2013/02/06/do-teachers-really-discrimi... Indian teachers are biased against lower caste students: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/remahanna/files/discriminationaej201.pdf http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/remahanna/files/discriminat... In fact the paper the NPR article talks about actually says "We show that there is large variation within schools in this measure, and that it has a significant effect on the academic achievements of both genders during middle school and high school in math, science and language and also on the choice of the level of math and science study programs in high school" it also has this line "Math teachers' assessment in primary school, on the other hand, is on average gender neutral (0.01). However, these means hide quite a large heterogeneity among teachers." They also say "In terms of effect size, these estimates indicate that increasing the average stereotypical bias against girls from zero to its maximal value of one will reduce girls' outcomes by 0.317 of a standard deviation"; which doesn't sound huge (given that's with the most amount of bias), but I guess it all adds up. The physics one is perhaps the most interesting since it says that male German teachers had no bias, and hypothesized that anti-bias training worked there, which if true is a positive sign. I'm sort of rambling without a point, I guess I was just surprised how directly you could measure this effect. I had always assumed it was much more indirect.