One provisional study that wasn't published in a journal (and hence wasn't peer reviewed) and furthermore was conducted by someone far afield of the issue does

One provisional study that wasn't published in a journal (and hence wasn't peer reviewed) and furthermore was conducted by someone far afield of the issue does not make a conclusive case about any hypothesis. As an antidote for such loose rhetoric, here are some criticisms of the paper: Rajiv Sethi, Professor of Economics at Columbia University, voicing skepticism of the strength of Fryer's conclusion: http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2016/07/police-use-of-force-notes-on-study.html http://rajivsethi.blogspot.com/2016/07/police-use-of-force-n... Dan Hirschman, Associate Professor of Sociology at Brown University, strongly criticizing the methodology and data set Fryer used: https://scatter.wordpress.com/2016/07/11/yes-there-is-racial-bias-in-police-shootings/ https://scatter.wordpress.com/2016/07/11/yes-there-is-racial... A peer-reviewed article in a reputable journal using a different methodology whose results contradict Fryer's: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227943/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227943/ Abstract: Objectives. To update previous examinations of racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police. Methods. I examined online national vital statistics data for deaths assigned an underlying cause of “legal intervention” (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, external-cause-of-injury codes Y35.0–Y35.7, excluding Y35.5 [legal execution]) for the 5-year period 2010 to 2014. Results. Death certificates identified 2285 legal intervention deaths (1.5 per million population per year) from 2010 to 2014. Among males aged 10 years or older, who represented 96% of these deaths, the mortality rate among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals was 2.8 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than that among White individuals. Conclusions. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in legal intervention deaths remain an ongoing problem in the United States. --- It's not hard to find more of the literature that is more credible and contradicts this paper. To be honest, I don't think you're carrying this discussion in good faith. Who knows? Maybe you've even duped yourself. Maybe don't take the word of an economist doing sketchy and loose research outside of his field of expertise. Being able to wield statistics isn't a scientific superpower. Sociological research isn't a bayesian cookbook recipe.