It's also worth mentioning that a lot of fields that you wouldn't normally think of as ecology use ecological tools like the vegan package. A good example is st

It's also worth mentioning that a lot of fields that you wouldn't normally think of as ecology use ecological tools like the vegan package. A good example is studies of the human microbiome. Studying the microbiome you want to measure the biodiversity of various samples from diseased and healthy individuals -- which is basically the same problem as traditional ecologists face when looking at, say, a polluted versus pristine environment.