> In most modern philosophy spirits are assigned to humans (with exceptions), while in Japan everything in nature has a spirit/energy [1]. This makes the concep

> In most modern philosophy spirits are assigned to humans (with exceptions), while in Japan everything in nature has a spirit/energy [1]. This makes the concept of nature different between our cultures, animals even more different so the concept of a robot is really different. I'd argue that is a case of modernity, and not simply a difference in culture. That animist leaning is present everywhere indigenous shamanism is present, which means it is pretty much present everywhere. While it isn't normative or mainstream, it's present in the Americas and in Europe. The discussion is less about Japanese cultural notions of kami and more about the tensions between modernity and tradition. There is also another line of exploration that no one has good answer for: what is the role of a post-tribal, _modern_ shaman?