When? The second time I start typing almost the same thing. If I anticipate typing the same thing again I'll prefactor and head it off at the past. If you can

When? The second time I start typing almost the same thing. If I anticipate typing the same thing again I'll prefactor and head it off at the past. If you can get official refactoring time that's great; I've only worked at one place where we had official refactoring time built into our sprints, which can be frustrating. "How" is impossible to answer in a general way other than restating all the usual refactoring patterns.