Is there a single ORM out there that doesn't support the lower() function? I googled "case insensitive search" + a couple ORMs and each of them could implement

Is there a single ORM out there that doesn't support the lower() function? I googled "case insensitive search" + a couple ORMs and each of them could implement it as a one-liner. And doing the runtime lower() on everything will generally not be slower than citext. If you look at the source for the citext comparison (https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/aa9eac45ea868e6ddabc4eb076d18be10ce84c6a/contrib/citext/citext.c#L113 https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/aa9eac45ea868e6dda...) you'll see it is internally converting the values to lowercase and comparing them. All it saves you is the overhead of a sql function invocation, and you'd have to do a lot of comparisons to make that difference measurable. But if you're doing a lot of those comparisons, unless you're just running the calculation on the same couple values over and over, the memory and disk latency will dominate performance, not the minimal overhead of the sql function invocation. I agree you should probably use citext if you need case-insensitive unique or primary key values, but be aware of the drawbacks. https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/citext.html https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/citext.html